Academic Referencing Tool (ART)

In text referencing

Direct quote

Metcalf (2005, p. 184) states that "the Nuer of southern Sudan lacked any institutions of governance; no chiefs or councils of elders, no armies or law enforcement"

or

"the Nuer of southern Sudan..." (Metcalf 2005, p. 184)
Snow (2010, pp. 23-24) asserts that "..."

Paraphrasing

Critical anthropology is a ...(Metcalf 2005)
Metcalf (2005) propounded the idea that... .

Reference list

Author, initial(s) Year of publication, Title, edition, Publisher, Place of publication.

Metcalf, P 2005, Anthropology: the basics, Routledge, Abingdon.

Snow, DR 2010, Archaeology of native North America, Prentice Hall, Boston.

Notes

• Always include the page no. in-text when using a direct quote.
• Also, always include the page/s number/s when drawing primarily on a particular page or section rather than referring to the source as a whole.
• In-text use p. for a single page (Metcalf 2005, p. 45) and pp. for a page range e.g. (Metcalf 2005, pp. 34-36).

In text referencing

Direct quote

"The experience of ..." (Savage, Bagnall & Longhurst 2005, p. 28)

or

Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2005, p. 28) argued that "..."

Paraphrasing

The migrant experience is one that... (Savage, Bagnall & Longhurst 2005)

Reference list

Author, initial/s, & Author, Initial/s Year of publication, Title Publisher, Place of publication.

Savage, M, Bagnall, G & Longhurst, B 2005, Globalization and belonging, SAGE, London.

Notes

• Cite the names of the authors in the order they appear on the title page of the book.
• Unlike the reference list which requires author/s initials, in-text references use author/s surnames only and do not include initials.
• When the authors names are incorporated into the text of your assignment, as above, use 'and' instead of &.
• If the names of the authors are in brackets use & before the last author.

In text referencing

Direct quote

Kring et al. (2010, p. 72) outlined the theory as "..."

or

"The theory..." (Kring et al. 2010, p. 72)
 

Paraphrasing

Abnormal is not always...(Kring et al. 2010, pp. 47-48)

Reference list

Author, initial/s, Author, Initial/s, Author, Initial/s, & Author, Initial/s Year of publication, Title, edn, Publisher, Place of publication.

Kring, A, Davison, GC, Neale, JM & Johnson, S  2010, Abnormal psychology, 11th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

Notes

• For in-text references, only list the name of the first author followed by et al (meaning 'and others').
• For the reference list, list all authors – do not use et al.

In text referencing

Cite the work by its title and date.

Direct quote

"Ant behaviour patterns ..." (The life of insects 1979, p. 23)

Paraphrasing

In The life of insects (1979) it is claimed that...

Reference list

Title, date, Publisher, Place of publication.

The life of insects, 1979,  Silver Burdett Co., Morristown, NJ.

Notes

• List the item alphabetically in the reference list by the title then date.
• Do not use Anon or Anonymous.

In text referencing

Direct quote

"Human security..." (eds McGrew & Poku 2007, p. 8).
"Hinduism is not defined..." (ed. Flood 2003, p. 5)

Paraphrasing

According to McGrew and Poku (eds 2007, p. 8)...
Flood (ed. 2003) comments that Hinduism is...

Reference list

Editor/s, (ed./eds) Year of publication, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.

McGrew, A & Poku, NK (eds) 2007, Globalization, development and human security, Polity, Cambridge, UK.

Flood, G (ed.) 2003, The Blackwell companion to Hinduism, Blackwell, Oxford.

Notes

• Use the abbreviation ed. for a single editor and eds (no full stop) for more than one editor.
  Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for edition.
• Write ed., eds and edn in lower case not capitals.

In text referencing

Direct quote

Gray (2009, p. 75) states the following "..."

Paraphrasing

Another demonstration of this is... (Gray 2009)

Reference list

Chapter author, year of publication, 'chapter title', in editor/s (ed./eds), Book title, publisher, place of publication, page numbers.

Gray, E 2009, `The hair of Milton: historicism and literary history', in D Walford Davies (ed.), Romanticism, history, historicism: essays on an orthodoxy, Routledge, New York, pp. 32-42.

Notes

• Refer to the author of the chapter in-text
• In the Reference List set out the editor's name with initials first then family name.
• Put the title of the chapter in 'single quotes'. Do not italicise.
• Put (ed.), for a single editor or (eds), for multiple editors followed by a comma
• The pages of the chapter are added after the publication details

In text referencing

Direct quote

Kotler et al. (2013, p. 56) state that "..."

Paraphrasing

Another demonstration of this is... (Kotler et al. 2013, pp. 67-68)

Reference list

Example of a single chapter from a compilation textbook:

Chapter author/s Year, ‘Title of chapter’. In Title of book, Publisher, Location, pp. xx – xx.

Kotler, P, Burton, S, Deans, K, Brown, L & Armstrong, G 2013, ‘The global marketing environment’, in Business Foundations: a La Trobe University Business School compilation, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW, pp. 54 – 91.

In text referencing

Direct quote

"Student centred learning..." (Killen 2009, p. 10)

Paraphrasing

Effective teaching is based on several... (Killen 2009)

Reference list

Author, Initial/s Date, Title, edn, Publisher, Place of publication.

Killen, R 2009, Effective teaching strategies: lessons from research and practice, 5th edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne.

Notes

• Any edition other than the first edition must be included in the reference list citation.
• The edition statement is added after the title, followed by a comma.
• A reprint is not a new edition. It does not need a specific mention.
• Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for edition.
   

In text referencing

Direct quote

Nadel points to Stoppard's constant scepticism about autobiography and biography‘ (Carroll 2002, p. 8).

or

Paraphrasing

Carroll (2002, p. 8) shows that . . .

Reference list

Review Author, Initial/s Year, 'Title of review if there is one', review of Title of reviewed book by Book Author, Publication Title, Date Published, Section of publication if relevant, page number.

Carroll, S 2002, `The stuff of theatre‘, review of Double act: a life of Tom Stoppard by Ira Nadel, Age, 28 September, Saturday Extra, p. 8.
 

In text referencing

Direct quote

"students taught by teachers with greater verbal ability learn more than those taught by teachers with lower verbal ability" (Stronge 2007, p. 4)

Paraphrasing

Stronge (2007, p. 4) notes the correlation between...

Reference list

Author, Initial/s Year, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Stronge, JH 2007, Qualities of effective teachers, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Alexandria, VA.

Notes

• In-text referencing and reference list entry is the same for E-books as print.

In text referencing

Direct quote

"Descent systems determine..." (Velioti-Georgopoulos 2006).

Paraphrasing

Velioti-Georgopoulos (2006) emphasises that kinship and descent should be treated as different concepts.

Reference list

Entry Author, Initial/s Year, 'Title of entry', in Title of Publication, Editor/s Name (ed.) /(eds), vol. number, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Velioti-Georgopoulos, M 2006 ‘Kinship and Descent’, in HJ Birx (ed.), Encyclopedia of Anthropology, vol. 3, Sage Reference, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Notes

• If no author is evident or if a dictionary is being cited, provide the relevant information within the text e.g.
  The Oxford Dictionary (2010) defines it as...
  You do not need to put this reference in the reference list.
• If the reference is from Oxford Reference online add this after the title as the publisher information. eg

Coper, M 2012, ‘High Court’, in B Galligan, & W Roberts (eds), Oxford companion to Australian politics, Oxford Reference Online.

In text referencing

Encyclopedia entry with author

Direct quote

"Anarchy refers to the absence of authoritative institutions or norms above independent sovereign states." (Smith 1993)

Paraphrasing

Smith (1993) observes that anarchy places states in a permanent position of rivalry with each other.

Encyclopedia entry with no author

If no author is evident and a well known source is being cited you can put all the necessary information in-text and leave it out of the reference list.

The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines a larrikin as...

or

...(The New Encyclopedia Britannica 1997).

Reference list

Entry Author, Intial/s Year, 'Title of Entry', in Title of Publication, Editor/s Name (ed.) /(eds), vol. number, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Smith, MJ 1993, 'Anarchy', in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World, J Krieger (ed.), Oxford University Press, New York.

Notes

• Use italics when including the title of the dictionary/encyclopedia in-text.
• Use the word in before the title of the publication.

In text referencing

Direct quote

The heel of Achilles is "The vulnerable or weak point in a man's character or of a nation." (Dictionary of phrase and fable 2000)

Paraphrasing

The Dictionary of phrase and fable (2000) defines Achilles heel as...

Reference list

Entry Author, Initial/s Year, 'Title of Entry', in Title of Publication, Editor/s Name (ed.) /(eds), vol. number, Publisher, Place of Publication, date viewed, <URL>.

'Achilles tendon' 2000, in Dictionary of phrase and fable, EC Brewer (ed.), Bartelby.com, viewed 30 November 2010, <http://www.bartleby.com/81/139.html>.

Notes

If no author is evident or if a dictionary is being cited, provide the relevant information within the text e.g.
The Oxford Dictionary (2010) defines it as...
You do not need to put this reference in the reference list
• If you have used a dictionary or encyclopedia from a website include the viewed date and URL
• If you are using a library database encyclopedia e.g. Oxford Reference Online or Gale Virtual Reference Library -use the citation style provided on the Encyclopedia or dictionary (online) page..
• Place the' title of the entry' in single quotes
• The title of the work is always in Italics

In text referencing

Same author different years.

Broome (2005; 2010) reported that aborigines in Victoria... or
Aborigines in Victoria.... (Broome 2005, p. 45; 2010, p. 34)

Same author same year.

"In the last 10 years Australia has experienced..." (Manne 2005a, p. 1)
Manne (2005b, p. 14) argued that the corporate media power...

Reference list

Same author different years:

Author, Initial/s Year, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

---Year, Title, edn if relevant, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Broome, R 2005, Aboriginal Victorians: a history since 1800, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW.

--- 2010, Aboriginal Australians: a history since 1788, 4th edn, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW.

Same author same year:

Author or Editor, Initial/s (ed.) Yeara, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

---Yearb, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Manne, R (ed.) 2005a, Do not disturb: is the media failing Australia?, Black Inc., Melbourne.

--- 2005b, Left right left: political essays 1977-2005, Black Inc., Melbourne.

Notes

Same author different years.

• Arrange the in-text citation in chronological order starting with the earliest date first.
• Use a semicolon to separate the page reference from the date following it.
• In the reference list begin with the earliest date first.
• The name of the author can be repeated but it is preferable to use the em dash --- with no space before the date.

Same author same year.

• Distinguish between the titles in-text by adding a lower case letter of the alphabet starting with 'a'.
• In the reference list place the lower case letter after the date with no space.

Notes

This is where the work of one author is cited in another author's work
For the in-text citation you might write:

As the cultural critic Norman Klein stated in 1997, "the Romantics gloried in the ruins of memory" (cited in Cameron 2008)

In the Reference List you only need to record the book that you actually sourced:

Cameron, A 2008, Modular Narratives in Contemporary Cinema, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, New York.

In text referencing

Direct quote

Cite the author, not the translator of the book in the in-text citation
"Morality..." (Nietzsche 1956, p. 27)

Paraphrasing

Nietzsche (1956) argues that...

Reference list

Give acknowledgement to the translator in the reference list as follows:

Author, Initial/s Year, Title, trans. Initial/s Translator, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Nietzsche, FW 1956, The birth of tragedy: and, the genealogy of morals, trans. F Golffing, Doubleday, Garden City, New York.

Notes

• When the role of a translator, compiler, or reviser, is acknowledged in this way the initials precede the surname.
• This format also applies to compilers, editors and revisers.
• Use the abbreviations rev., trans., ed./eds or comp./comps appropriate.